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Misteri Otak Jenius Albert Einstein Terungkap

Ilmuwan legendaris Albert Einstein telah lama dianggap sebagai salah satu orang yang sangat jenius yang pernah hidup. Ini menimbulkan pertanyaan, bagaimana bisa Einstein begitu istimewa di dunia sains? Teka teki tersebut menemukan titik terang saat para ilmuwan menemukan sebuah petunjuk dari dalam otak milik fisikawan itu. Menurut sebuah studi baru yang dipimpin antropolog evolusi, Dean Falk dari Florida State University (FSU), ditemukan bahwa bagian dari otak Einstein tidak seperti otak orang kebanyakan dan memiliki kemampuan kognitif yang luar biasa.

"Beberapa hal tampak normal," kata Falk kepada The Huffington Post. "Ukurannya normal, bentuk otak secara keseluruhan asimetris, dan itu normal. Apa yang tidak biasa adalah kompleksitas dan konvolusi (lipatan cembung di permukaan otak) di berbagai bagian otak," ujarnya. Menurut pernyataan tertulis yang dikeluarkan oleh Universitas, dalam penelitian yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal "Brain" edisi 16 November 2012, terungkap deskripsi seluruh korteks serebral Einstein. Korteks serebral merupakan lapisan tipis berwarna abu-abu yang terdiri dari 15-33 miliar neuron.

Untuk melakukan hal ini, Falk dan rekan-rekannya meneliti 14 foto baru yang belum terungkap dari otak Einstein. Foto itu, kata Falk, sulit untuk didapatkan.

Dokumen Foto Otak Einstein

Catatan National Public Radio (NPR), sebuah organisasi media Amerika
Serikat, menyebutkan saat Einstein meninggal pada 1955 otaknya telah dikeluarkan oleh Thomas Harvey, seorang dokter di rumah sakit tempat Einstein meninggal. Sangat mungkin bahwa Harvey tidak pernah mendapat izin untuk mengeluarkan otak sang jenius itu.

Tetapi penulis Brian Burrell dalam "Postcards from the Brain Museum" mengatakan dokter tersebut mendapat persetujuan dari anak Einstein.

Harvey mengatakan bahwa ia bermaksud untuk mempelajari otak Einstein. Atau setidaknya, Harvey akan berupaya menemukan ilmuwan lain untuk melakukannya.

Berkat Harvey, para ilmuwan dapat mempelajari otak Einstein berdasarkan sejumlah foto dan slide spesimen yang telah disiapkan oleh Harvey. Otak tersebut, yang difoto dari berbagai sudut, juga telah dipotong menjadi 240 blok dan slide-nya telah dibuat secara histologis.

Sebagai catatan pernyataan FSU, sebagian besar foto, blok dan slide telah hilang dari publik selama lebih dari 55 tahun. Untungnya, sejumlah dari dokumen tersebut baru-baru ini telah ditemukan kembali dan beberapa dokumen saat ini dapat ditemukan di National Museum of Health and Medicine. Dokumen tersebut tersisa sebanyak 14 berkas.

Meski demikian, Falk dan rekan-rekannya tetap mampu melihat lebih dekat, dan mencari tahu misteri yang tersimpan di otak Einstein.

Keistimewaan Otak Einstein

Apa yang mereka temukan adalah keajaiban. "Meskipun ukuran keseluruhan dan bentuk asimetris otak Einstein tergolong normal, tapi prefrontal somatosensori, motor utama, parietal, temporal dan korteks oksipital miliknya luar biasa," kata Falk.
"Ini mungkin telah memberikan dasar-dasar neurologis untuk beberapa kemampuan visuospatial (kemampuan seseorang untuk memahami konsep melalui representasi visual) dan matematika," tambahnya.

Falk menjelaskan, misalnya bagian dari lobus frontal Einstein yang "ekstra sulit". Lobus parietal milik pencetus teori relativitas ini dalam beberapa bagian "luar biasa asimetris". Sedangkan somatosensori utama dan korteks motorik (daerah yang biasanya mewakili wajah dan lidah) itu "sangat luas di belahan otak kiri."

Falk pun mengaku terpesona. Selain Falk, kekhasan tersebut juga mengundang pertanyaan bagi Albert Galaburda, seorang ilmuwan syaraf di Harvard Medical School di Boston.
"Di antaranya adalah apakah Einstein memiliki otak khusus yang cenderung menjadikannya seorang fisikawan besar, atau apakah aktivitas fisika yang besar menyebabkan bagian-bagian tertentu dari otaknya berkembang," kata Galaburda, dalam majalah Science. Kejeniusan Einstein, kata Galaburda, itu mungkin karena "beberapa kombinasi dari otak khusus dan pengaruh lingkungan yang Einstein tinggali."

Bukan Fenomena Baru

Namun yang menarik, penelitian otak Einstein bukanlah sebuah fenomena baru. Menurut BBC, pada 1999, para ilmuwan di Ontario McMaster University mampu membandingkan bentuk dan ukuran otak Einstein dengan sekitar 90 orang yang memiliki kecerdasan rata-rata.

Para peneliti, yang juga menggunakan beberapa foto Harvey, pada waktu itu menemukan setidaknya "satu area otaknya secara signifikan berbeda daripada kebanyakan orang.
"Bertahun-tahun kemudian, pada majalah Science terbitan 2009, Falk menuliskan analisa otak Einstein, dan mengklaim telah mengidentifikasi "sejumlah fitur yang tidak biasa, yang sebelumnya tidak dikenal."

Pintu sekarang terbuka bagi para ilmuwan lain untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang otak fisikawan legendaris tersebut. Misalnya, Falk mengatakan, para ilmuwan bisa melihat "otak orang-orang jenius lain dan membandingkannya dengan Einstein."
"Ada sebuah revolusi terjadi di neuroscience saat ini dan ada teknologi yang bisa membuat gambar lebih bermakna," katanya. "Kami masih belajar dari Einstein, bertahun-tahun setelah kematiannya," ujar Falk.

Sumber : teknologi.news.viva.co.id

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