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Perusahaan dan Badan Usaha (Pengertian dan Jenisnya)

A. Perusahaan

Perusahaan merupakan kesatuan teknis yang bertujuan menghasilkan barang atau jasa.Perusahaan juga disebut tempat berlangsungnya prosesproduksi yang menggabungkan faktor faktor produksi untuk mengembangkan barang dan jasa.Perusahaan merupakan alat dari badan usaha untuk mencapai tujuan ,yaitu mencari keuntungan.Para pengusaha berusaha di bidang usaha yang beragam.

Jenis perusahaan menurut lapangan usahanya dibedakan sebagai berikut.

1. Perusahaan ekstraktif
Perusahaan ini bergerak di bidang usaha penggalian pengambilan, atau pengolahan kekayaan yang disediakan alam. Hasil yang diambil dari alam tidak diolah atau tidak diusahakan sebelumnya.Misalnya, PT INCO (International Nickel Company) yang mengambil dan mengolah nikel dari alam di beberapa wilayah Indonesia, pengambilan hasil hutan, dan pengeboran minyak.

2. Perusahaan agraris
Perusahaan ini bergerak dalam usaha pengolahan tanah. Hasilnya diambil dari alam, namun terlebih dahulu diolah tanahnya untuk memperoleh hasilnya. Misalnya, perusahaan yang berusaha di bidang pertanian, perkebunan, perikanan darat, kehutanan, dan lain-lain.

3. Perusahaan industri
Perusahaan ini bergerak dalam usaha pengolahan bahan baku sampai menjadi barang jadi atau barang yang siap pakai. Misalnya,
PT Semen Tonasa dan PT Semen
Cibinong yang mengolah batu gunung,
gips, dan bahan lainnya menjadi semen.
Perusahaan pembuat kursi yang mengolah
kayu, plastik, kain, menjadi kursi
yang siap dipakai.
4. Perusahaan perdagangan
Perusahaan ini bergerak di bidang usaha pembelian barang untuk dijual kembali, tanpa mengolah barang yang dibelinya. Misalnya, pedagang pakaian, pedagang
sayuran, dan sebagainya.

5. Perusahaan jasa
Perusahaan ini bergerak di bidang usaha jasa atau memberikan pelayanan. Misalnya, perusahaan pengangkutan, perusahaan perhotelan, perusahaan perbankan, dan perusahaan perasuransian

Kelima jenis perusahaan menurut lapangan usahanya dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok perusahaan, yaitu perusahaan manufaktur, perusahaan perdagangan, dan perusahaan jasa. Perusahaan manufaktur adalah semua perusahaan yang menghasilkan barang, penggabungan dari perusahaan ekstraktif, agraris, dan industri. Perusahaan perdagangan adalah perusahaan yang kegiatannya membeli barang tanpa mengolah barang tersebut kemudian menjualnya kembali. Perusahaan jasa adalah perusahaan yang menghasilkan
jasa.
Masyarakat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, sering menggabungkan beberapa jenis perusahaan menurut lapangan usahanya dalam satu wadah perusahaan dengan tujuan mencapai efisiensi dan efektivitas untuk memperoleh laba. Misalnya,

Perusahaan perhotelan, di dalamnya bergabung usaha
jasa, industri, dan dagang. Usaha jasa berupa penyediaan
ruang penginapan, hiburan, ruang rapat dan pertemuan;
usaha industri berupa pengolahan bahan mentah makanan
siap saji menjadi bahan jadi siap saji; usaha perdagangan
berupa membeli beberapa jenis makanan siap saji dan
minuman untuk dijual kembali dalam hotel tersebut.

Perusahaan PERTAMINA (Pertambangan Minyak
Nasional), di dalamnya bergabung usaha ekstraktif,
usaha industri, dan usaha perdagangan. Usaha ekstraktif
berupa mengali dan menambang bahan minyak dari
dalam bumi. Usaha industri berupa mengolah bahan
mentah minyak menjadi bahan bakar siap pakai, seperti
bensin, solar, minyak tanah, oli, dan sejenisnya. Dan usaha
perdagangan berupa membeli minyak mentah dan oli
kemudian menjualnya kembali.

B. Badan Usaha

Badan usaha adalah “Kesatuan yuridis (hukum), teknis, dan ekonomis yang bertujuan mencari laba atau keuntungan. Badan Usaha seringkali disamakan dengan perusahaan, walaupun pada kenyataannya berbeda. Perbedaan utamanya, Badan Usaha adalah lembaga sementara perusahaan adalah tempat dimana Badan Usaha itu mengelola faktor-faktor produksi”.

Secara garis besar, Badan Usaha dapat di golongkan menurut keriteria menurut kepemilikan modal yang terdiri atas Badan Usaha Milik Negara, Badan Usaha Milik Swasta, dan Badan Usaha Campuran, serta Badan Usaha Milik Daerah.


Jenis-Jenis Badan Usaha di Indonesia

Badan Usaha Milik Negara
Badan Usaha Milik Negara adalah “Badan usaha atau perusahaan yang dimiliki pemerintah sebuah negara yang permodalannya sebagian atau seluruh kepemilikannya dimiliki oleh Negara Republik Indonesia. BUMN dapat pula berupa perusahaan nirlaba yang bertujuan untuk menyediakan barang atau jasa bagi masyarakat”. Pada beberapa BUMN di Indonesia, pemerintah telah melakukan perubahan mendasar pada kepemilikannya dengan membuat BUMN tersebut menjadi perusahaan terbuka yang sahamnya bisa dimiliki oleh publik. Contohnya adalah PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk. Sejak tahun 2001 seluruh BUMN dikoordinasikan pengelolaannya oleh Kementerian BUMN, yang dipimpin oleh seorang Menteri Negara BUMN. Status pegawai badan usaha-badan usaha tersebut adalah karyawan BUMN bukan pegawai negeri. BUMN sendiri sekarang ada 3 macam yaitu Perjan, Perum dan Persero.
Contoh-contoh dari Badan Usaha Milik Negara adalah Pertamina, PLN (Pembangkit Listrik Negara), PAM (Perusahaan Air Minum), Badan Urusan Logistik (Bulog), Bank Indonesia (BI).


1 Ciri-ciri Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)
§ Penguasaan badan usaha dan pengawasan dilakukan, baik secara hirarki maupun secara fungsional dilakukan oleh pemerintah.
§ Kekuasaan penuh dalam menjalankan kegiatan usaha berada di tangan pemerintah.
§ Pemerintah berwenang menetapkan kebijakan yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan usaha.
§ Semua risiko yang terjadi sepenuhnya merupakan tanggung jawab pemerintah.
§ Melayani kepentingan umum atau pelayanan kepada masyarakat.
§ Merupakan lembaga ekonomi yang tidak mempunyai tujuan utama mencari keuntungan, tetapi dibenarkan untuk memupuk keuntungan.
§ Merupakan salah satu stabilisator perekonomian negara.
§ Dapat meningkatkan produktivitas, efektivitas, dan efisiensi serta terjaminnya prinsip-prinsip ekonomi.
§ Modal seluruhnya dimiliki oleh negara dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan.
§ Peranan pemerintah sebagai pemegang saham. Bila sahamnya dimiliki oleh masyarakat, besarnya tidak lebih dari 49%, sedangkan minimal 51% sahamnya dimiliki oleh negara.
§ Pinjaman pemerintah dalam bentuk obligasi.
§ Modal juga diperoleh dari bantuan luar negeri.
§ Bila memperoleh keuntungan, maka dimanfaatkan untuk kesejahteraan rakyat.

2 Tujuan Perusahaan Negara

Memberi sumbangan perkembangan perekonomian negara pada umumnya dan penerimaan negara pada khususnya;
Mengadakan pemupukan keuntungan pendapatan;
Menyelenggarakan pelayanan umum yang berupa barang dan jasa yang bermutu bagi pemenuhan hajat hidup org banyak;
Memberi bimbingan kepada sektor swasta atau golongan ekonomi lemah;
Menjadi perintis kegiatan usaha yang tidak dapat dilaksanakan oleh swasta dan koperasi;
Turut serta aktif dalam melaksanakan dan menunjang pelaksanaan kebijakan program pemerintah..

3 Manfaat-manfaat BUMN

Memberi kemudahan kepada masyarakat luas dalam memperoleh berbagai alat pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup yang berupa barang atau jasa.
Membuka dan memperluas kesempatan kerja bagi penduduk angkatan kerja.
Mencegah monopoli pasar atas barang dan jasa yang merupakan kebutuhan masyarakat banyak oleh sekelompok pengusaha swasta yang bermodal kuat.
Meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas produksi komoditi ekspor sebagai sumber devisa,baik migas maupun non migas.
Menghimpun dana untuk mengisi kas negara ,yang selanjutnya dipergunakan untuk memajukan dan mengembangkan perekonomian negara.


4 Modal BUMN
§ Modal BUMN merupakan dan berasal dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan.
§ Peyertaan modal negara dalam rangka pendirian atau penyertaan BUMN bersumber dari:
o APBN;
o Kapitalisasi Cadangan;
o Sumber lainnya.
§ Penyertaan modal negara dlm rangka pendirian BUMN atau perseroan terbatas dananya berasal dari APBN ditetapkan dengan PP (Ps 4 ayat (3) UU BUMN).
§ Setiap perubahan penyertaan modal negara, berupa penambahan maupun pengurangan, termasuk perubahan struktur kepemilikan negara atas saham Persero atau PT ditetapkan dg PP. pengecualian bagi penambahan penyertaan modal negara yg berasal dari kapitalisasi cadangan & sumber lainnya.

Jenis-jenis Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)
1 Perusahaan Jawatan (Perjan)
Perjan adalah “Bentuk badan usaha milik negara yang seluruh modalnya dimiliki oleh pemerintah yang besar modalnya ditetapkan melalui APBN”. Perjan ini berorientasi pelayanan pada masyarakat, sehingga selalu merugi. Sekarang sudah tidak ada perusahaan BUMN yang menggunakan model perjan karena besarnya biaya untuk memelihara perjan-perjan tersebut. Contoh Perjan: PJKA (Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api) kini berganti menjadi PT.KAI.
Ø Ciri-ciri Perjan:
§ Memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat
§ Merupakan bagian dari suatu departemen pemerintah
§ Dipimpin oleh seorang kepala yang bertanggung jawab langsung kepada menteri atau dirjen departemen yang bersangkutan
§ Status karyawannya adalan pegawai negeri

Ø Contoh Perusahaan Jawatan (Perjan):
§ Perjan RS Jantung Harapan Kita Perjan RS Cipto Mangunkusumo Perjan RS AB Harahap Kita Perjan RS Sanglah Perjan RS Kariadi Perjan RS M. Djamil Perjan RS Fatmawati Perjan RS Hasan Sadikin Perjan RS Sardjito Perjan RS M. Husein Perjan RS Dr. Wahidin Perjan RS Kanker Dharmais Perjan RS Persahabatan.
§ Perusahaan jawatan kereta api(PJKA),bernaung di bawah Departemen Perhubungan.Sejak tahun 1991 Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api (PJKA) berubah menjadi Perusahaan Umum Kereta Api (PERUMKA) berubah menjadi Perusahaan Negara Kereta Api (PENKA),dan yang terakhir berubah nama menjadi PT.Kereta Api Indonesia (PT.KAI).
§ Perusahaan Jawatan Pegadaian bernaung di bawah Departemen Keuangan.Pada saat ini,Perusahaan Jawatan Pengadaian berubah nama menjadi Perum Penggadaian.


2 Perusahaan Umum (Perum)
Perum adalah “Suatu perusahaan negara yang dahulunya bertujuan untuk melayani kepentingan umum,tetapi sekaligus mencari keuntungan. Namun sekarang perum merupakan Perjan yang sudah diubah yang tujuannya tidak lagi berorientasi pelayanan tetapi sudah profit oriented ”. Sama seperti Perjan, perum di kelola oleh negara dengan status pegawainya sebagai Pegawai Negeri. Namun perusahaan masih merugi meskipun status Perjan diubah menjadi Perum, sehingga pemerintah terpaksa menjual sebagian saham Perum tersebut kepada publik (go public) dan statusnya diubah menjadi persero.
Ø Ciri-ciri Perusahaan Umum (Perum):
§ Melayani kepentingan masyarakat umum.
§ Dipimpin oleh seorang direksi/direktur.
§ Mempunyai kekayaan sendiri dan bergerak di perusahaan swasta. Artinya,perusahaan umum bebas membuat kontrak kerja dengan semua pihak.
§ Dikelola dengan modal pemerintah yang terpisah dari kekayaan negara.
§ Pekerjanya adalah pegawai perusahaan swasta.
§ Memupuk keuntungan untuk mengisi kas negara.
§ Modalnya dapat berupa saham atau obligasi bagi perusahaan yang go public
§ Dapat menghimpun dana dari pihak Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD)

Ø Contohnya :
Perum Pegadaian, Perum Jasatirta, Perum DAMRI, Perum ANTARA, Perum Peruri,Perum Perumnas,Perum Balai Pustaka..


3 Perusahaan Persero (Perseroan)
Dibentuk berdasarkan peraturan/regulasi pemerintah sebagai suatu badan hukum terpisah dari pemiliknya. Persero adalah salah satu Badan Usaha yang dikelola oleh Negara atau Daerah. Tujuan dan maksud didirikannya Persero yang pertama adalah mendirikan persero untuk ”menyediakan barang dan atau jasa yang bermutu tinggi dan berdaya saing kuat dan mengejar keuntungan untuk meningkatkan nilai perusahaan”, dan yang kedua ”memberi pelayanan kepada umum”. Modal pendiriannya berasal sebagian atau seluruhnya dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan berupa saham-saham namun biasanya 51 persen dimiliki oleh pemerintah. Setiap pemegang saham adalah pemilik perusahaan yang tanggug jawabnya terbatas sebesar saham yang dimilikinya. Persero dipimpin oleh direksi. Sedangkan pegawainya berstatus sebagai pegawai swasta. Badan usaha ditulis PT (nama perusahaan) (Persero). Perusahaan ini tidak memperoleh fasilitas negara.
Persero terbuka sesuai kebijakan pemerintah tentang privatisasi. Privatisasi adalah penjualan sebagian atau seluruh saham persero kepada pihak lain untuk peningkatan kualitas. Persero yang diprivatisasi adalah yang unsur usahanya kompetitif dan teknologinya cepat berubah. Persero yang tidak bisa diubah ialah:
· Persero yang menurut perundang-undangan harus berbentuk BUMN
· Persero yang bergerak di bidang hankam negara
· Persero yang diberi tugas khusus untuk kepentingan masyarakat
· Persero yang bergerak di bidang Sumber Daya Alam yang secara tegas dilarang diprivatisasi oleh UU
Di Indonesia sendiri yang sudah menjadi Persero adalah PT. PP (Pembangunan Perumahan),PT Bank BNI Tbk, PT Kimia Farma Tbk, PT Indo Farma Tbk, PT Tambang Timah Tbk, PT Indosat Tbk (pada akhir tahun 2002 41,94% saham Persero ini telah dijual kepada Swasta sehingga perusahaan ini bukan BUMN lagi), dan PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk,Pt.Garuda Indonesia Airways(GIA).
ü Ciri-ciri Persero adalah:
· Tujuan utamanya mencari laba/keuntungan (Komersial)
· Modal sebagian atau seluruhnya berasal dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan yang berupa saham-saham
· Pegawainya berstatus sebagai pegawai swasta
· Badan usahanya ditulis PT (nama perusahaan) (Persero)
· Tidak memperoleh fasilitas Negara
· Pendirian persero diusulkan oleh menteri kepada presiden
· Pelaksanaan pendirian dilakukan oleh mentri dengan memperhatikan perundang-undangan
· Statusnya berupa perseroan terbatas yang diatur berdasarkan undang-undang
· Modalnya berbentuk saham
· Sebagian atau seluruh modalnya adalah milik negara dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan
· Organ persero adalah RUPS, direksi dan komisaris
· Menteri yang ditunjuk memiliki kuasa sebagai pemegang saham milik pemerintah
· Apabila seluruh saham dimiliki pemerintah, maka menteri berlaku sebagai RUPS, jika hanya sebagian, maka sebagai pemegang saham perseroan terbatas
· RUPS bertindak sebagai kekuasaan tertinggi perusahaan
· Dipimpin oleh direksi
· Laporan tahunan diserahkan ke RUPS untuk disahkan
· Hubungan-hubungan usaha diatur dalam hukum perdata

ü Keuntungan Perseroan (Coorporation):
§ Kemampuan yang besar untuk menarik modal yang menerbitkan saham
§ Tanggung jawab terbatas
§ Akses terhadap modal
§ Transfer kepemilikan
§ Dapat melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan hokum atas namanya sendiri

ü Kerugian Perseroan (Coorporation):
§ Pengenaan pajak oleh pemerintah setempat atas berbagai aktivitasnya
§ Biaya keorganisasian tinggi
§ Transparansi publik
§ Masalah keagenan
§ Pajak tinggi
§ Secara pribadi tidak bertanggung jawab penuh atas seluruh utang perusahaan hanya terbatas sebesar penyertaannya.

ü Contoh perusahaan yang mempunyai badan usaha Persero lainnya:
· PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk.
· PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero)
· PT Angkasa Pura (Persero)
· PT Perusahaan Pertambangan dan Minyak Negara (Persero)
· PT Tambang Bukit Asam (Persero)
· PT Aneka Tambang (Persero)
· PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Persero)
· PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero)
· PT Pos Indonesia (Persero)
· PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero)
· PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero)

4 Badan Urusan Logistic (Bulog)
Perusahaan Umum Badan Urusan Logistik atau disingkat Perum Bulog adalah sebuah lembaga pangan di Indonesia yang mengurusi tata niaga beras. Bulog dibentuk pada tanggal 10 Mei 1967 berdasarkan Keputusan Presidium Kabinet Nomor 114/Kep/1967. Sejak tahun 2003, status Bulog menjadi BUMN.
Berdasarkan Peraturan Presiden No.3 Tahun 1964, dibentuklah Dewan Bahan Makanan (DBM). Sejalan dengan itu dibentuklah Badan Pelaksana Urusan Pangan (BPUP) peleburan dari YUBM dan YBPP-YBPP. Dengan terbentuknya BPUP, maka penanganan bahan pangan kembali berada dalam satu tangan.
Yayasan BPUP ini bertujuan antara lain:
· Mengurus bahan pangan
· Mengurus pengangkutan dan pengolahannya
· Menyimpan dan menyalurkannya menurut ketentuan dari Dewan Bahan Makanan (DBM).

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